Gerunds, Present, and Past Participle as Adjactive

• Definition of Gerund :

Gerund is the -ing form of a verb which fuctions as a noun.

• Functions of Gerund :

- As a subject
  Example :
  Listening music is my favorite pastime.
- As an object
  Example :
  The student must avoid cheating during the test.
- As an adverb
  Example :
  Please have a drink before leaving. 

• Present and Past Participle :

Present and past participle have function as adjective.
Present participle is the -ing form and Past participle is the -ed form.

• Function of Present participle :

to modify a noun that affects someone or something else. 
  Example :
  The plot of the movie is boring. 

• Function of Past participle :

to modify a noun that is affects by someone or something else.
   Example :
   I was really excited after the journey.